{"id":1558,"date":"2020-05-19T23:51:48","date_gmt":"2020-05-20T04:51:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/?p=1558"},"modified":"2020-05-20T00:00:43","modified_gmt":"2020-05-20T05:00:43","slug":"anaerobic-process-for-the-biogas-production","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/?p=1558","title":{"rendered":"Anaerobic process for the biogas production"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\r\n<script>(function(d, s, id) {\r\n  var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];\r\n  if (d.getElementById(id)) return;\r\n  js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;\r\n  js.src = \"\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_GB\/all.js#xfbml=1\";\r\n  fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);\r\n}(document, \"script\", \"facebook-jssdk\"));<\/script>\r\n<fb:share-button href=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/?p=1558\" type=\"icon_link\"\r\nstyle=\"padding-top:0px;\r\npadding-right:0px;\r\npadding-bottom:0px;\r\npadding-left:0px;\r\nmargin-top:0px;\r\nmargin-right:0px;\r\nmargin-bottom:0px;\r\nmargin-left:0px;\r\n\">\r\n<\/fb:share-button><\/br>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>An opportunity for nanotechnology<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><b>Christian<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>Rojas<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>Ph.D. <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Villavicencio<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Environmental Engineering Faculty<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">E-mail: <i>christian.rojas@usantotomas.edu.co <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"color: #999999; font-size: 16px;\"><b><i>One of the most challenging problems of the XXI century is the global climate change, a problem of great complexity that must be confronted from every aspect of the actual development state of the humanity.<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-size: 28px;\">T<\/span>he industrialization of the last century has created an increase in the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, etc) that makes inevitable the increase of the global temperature. However that can be mitigated in several ways, one of the most relevant is the change of the actual energy mix based on fossils fuels. Although in Latin-American a great proportion of the energy mix is provided by hydroelectric energy, the climate changes is also affecting negatively this source of power due to the change in the dry-wet season patterns.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>Also there are regions where the net power (electrical and others) does not reach the total of the population, especially in rural zones. The renewable energies play here an important role as alternative source of energy as an action to mitigate the global warming. Colombia with an important agricultural sector produces important amounts of residues that can be converted in energy through the anaerobic process to produce biogas. In this way these residues (biomass) are as the same time producing an energy product (biogas) as bio-fertilizer (manure) from the transformation of the organic waste.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><strong>The biogas production actually<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The transformation of waste to produce biogas is known since XIX century, however it was from the late XX Century and begins of XXI that the technology of the anaerobic process took impulse due to the renewable energy politics to mitigate the climate change [1]. The process reproduces what in nature occurs under specific conditions: absence of oxygen, warm temperatures, neutral pH and anaerobic bacteria in swamps and wetlands, that transform the biodegradable organic waste into biogas, a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) plus traces of others compounds such as H2O, H2S, N2, H2 [2]. To replicate the anaerobic process are use different types of bioreactors according to the environmental, technological and financial conditions of the location where the biogas will be produce.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Nowadays the technology has a great development especially in Europe and Asia[3], as it is represented in the total amount of biogas production worldwide (Figure 1).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>Many countries in Europe with important agricultural sectors as Germany, Denmark, The Netherlands, Spain to mention a few, take advantage of the biomass produce in agriculture and food industry to produce energy as biogas. The biogas production is carried out usually in<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>big volume reactors 1000 \u2013 3000 m3 (Figure 2(A)), constructed of steel with flexible dome cover and constant agitation, highly automated to keep the feed constant and the critical parameters, specially the temperature, controlled.&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.40.12-PM-copy.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1563 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.40.12-PM-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"539\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.40.12-PM-copy.jpg 539w, http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.40.12-PM-copy-300x185.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Figure 1.<\/b><\/span><span class=\"s2\"><b><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span><\/b><\/span>Biogas production presented by continents (2016). Source: WBA, 2018.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The anaerobic process was introduced in Latin-American in the 70\u00b4s with mixed results. Some Countries as Chile and Mexico have reached a technological development similar to European countries while others have not reached the real potential. The technology had advantages for rural isolated zones, where the lack of electricity and burn fuels make the <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">production of biogas attractive [4]. In this zones prevailed a less sophisticated type of reactor, without technical, mechanical or electrical devices within, known as tubular biodigester (Figure 2(B)). In Colombia, most of the reactors for the production of biogas (biodigester) found in rural areas use this kind of technology for the production of biogas. The body of the reactor is a PCV tubular bag, where the input waste gets in one side of the reactor and the liquid effluent exits the opposite side.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.44.02-PM-copy.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1565 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.44.02-PM-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.44.02-PM-copy.jpg 500w, http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.44.02-PM-copy-300x190.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.43.49-PM-copy.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1564 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.43.49-PM-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"498\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.43.49-PM-copy.jpg 498w, http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.43.49-PM-copy-300x205.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Screen-Shot-2020-05-19-at-11.43.49-PM-copy-145x100.jpg 145w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Figure<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>2.<\/b> <\/span> a) Typical biogas plant in Europe: Lower Saxony-Germany.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>b) Typical biodigestor in Latin -America: Meta-Colombia<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">An opportunity for<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>nanotechnology<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Inside the reactor multiple reactions are carried out by a diverse population of anaerobic bacteria, which will depend of the substrate and environmental conditions of the anaerobic process. The more established model to describe this is divided in four stages: Hydrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, and Methanogenesis.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>The complexity of reaction sequenceand bacteria population related makes difficult the manipulation of a single step of the process [2].<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Therefore a part of the latest advances in the area of biodigestion consist of large-scale process automation, due to the great influence of the substrate on anaerobic digestion, much of the current research also focuses on improving the biodegradability of substrates, to maximize their biogas potential and avoid the use of fossil fuels in view of the consequences of climate change.In agricultural regions the majority of the organic waste available, can be classified as particulate material. This kind of substrate needs to be transform in more simple components at the first stage of the anaerobic process to accelerate the biogas yield. Therefore to optimize the process is necessary the speed up of anaerobic process through the pretreatment of the substrate, such as thermal processes [5], using microwave [6] or other procedures that allow better efficiency in biomass transformation [7]. Among those is the use of catalytic substances [8] as nanoparticles, which can optimize the enzymatic reactions that occurs during the anaerobic process.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>That is particularly relevant in the actual panorama in Colombia were the absence of technological devices and small size of the rural biodigester makes very difficult the implementation of other alternatives. Additionally the amount and diversity of agricultural waste (Figure 3) shows the huge potential that the country has in biomass available for the production of this kind of energy.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">There are waste residues from corn, sugar cane, rice, banana, palm, etc. that with the residues from the animal sector (pig and cow manure) offer the possibility of a stable operation for the anaerobic process [9].<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The state of the anaerobic process in Colombia has not reached a mature development in comparison with other countries with similar characteristic; production of great amount of biomass residues form agricultural activities. However subsists hide potential that can be exploited in the in rural and isolated regions where the standard sources of energy are out of the range. The lack of technological devices in the rural biodigestors usually implemented in the rural regions of Colombia, makes the use of nanotechnology an attractive option to increase the<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">&nbsp; <\/span>performance in the biogas production.<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-3-1.jpg\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1568 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-3-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"906\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-3-1.jpg 700w, http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Figure-3-1-232x300.jpg 232w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> Atlas of agricultural residues expressed in TJ\/year in the different districts of Colombia (2018). Source: UPME, 2018.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">[1] EBA. Statistical Report of the European Biogas Association 2018. Brussels, Belgium. European Biogas Association \u2013 EBA. Available in: https:\/\/www.europeanbiogas.eu\/eba-statistical-report-2018\/<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">[2] Bischofsberger W., Dichtl N., Rosenwinkel K.-H., Seyfried C.F., B\u00f6hnke, B. (Hrsg.). (2005): Anaerobtechnik. Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">[3]WBA. Global Bioenergy Statistics 2018. Summary Report. World Bioenergy Association, Stockholm, Sweden(2018).&nbsp; Available in: https:\/\/www.reportlinker.com\/report-summary\/Bioenergy\/25586\/Global-Biogas-Industry.html<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">[4] Ferre I., Garfi M. &amp; Ferrer-Marti L. UPS: Una d\u00e9cada investigando los biodigestores familiares en los pa\u00edses andinos. Revista RedBioLAC, 1(2017)9-10.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">[5] Sage M., Daufin G. &amp; Gesan-Guiziou G. Effect of Prehydrolysis of Milk Fat on its Conversion to Biogas. Journal of Dairy Science, 91(2008)4062-4074.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">[6] Nowicka A., Zielinski M., Debowski M., Dudek M. &amp; Rusanowska P. Progress in the production of biogas from Virginia mallow after alkaline-heat pretreatment. Biomass and Bioenergy, 126(2019)174-180.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">[7] Scarlat N., Dallemand J.F. &amp; Fahl F.&nbsp; Biogas: Developments and perspectives in Europe. Renewable Energy, 119 (A)(2018)457-472.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">[8] Zaidi A.A., RuiZhe F., Malik A., Khan S.Z., Bhutta A.J., Shi Y. &amp; Mushtaq K. Conjoint effect of microwave irradiation and metal nanoparticles on biogas augmentation from anaerobic digestion of green algae. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(2019)14661-14670.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">[9] UPME, Atlas biomasa residual (2018) [on line]. Available in: http:\/\/upmeonline.maps.arcgis.com\/apps\/webappviewer\/index.html?<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<div id=\"fb-root\"><\/div>\r\n<script>(function(d, s, id) {\r\n  var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];\r\n  if (d.getElementById(id)) return;\r\n  js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;\r\n  js.src = \"\/\/connect.facebook.net\/en_GB\/all.js#xfbml=1\";\r\n  fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);\r\n}(document, \"script\", \"facebook-jssdk\"));<\/script>\r\n <fb:comments href=\"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/?p=1558\" font=\"arial\" num_posts=\"5\" width=\"640\" height=\"600\" colorscheme=\"light\"  style=\"background:#F0F0F0;padding-top:0px;\r\npadding-right:0px;\r\npadding-bottom:0px;\r\npadding-left:0px;\r\nmargin-top:0px;\r\nmargin-right:0px;\r\nmargin-bottom:0px;\r\nmargin-left:0px;\r\n\"><\/fb:comments>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The state of the anaerobic process in Colombia has not reached a mature development<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1570,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1558"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1558"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1558\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1573,"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1558\/revisions\/1573"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1570"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1558"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1558"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.journalnano.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1558"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}